Abstract:
Portland cement concrete, the most widely used manufactured material in the world, is made
primarily from water, mineral aggregates, and Portland cement. The production of Portland
cement is energy intensive, accounting for 2% of primary energy consumption and 5% of
industrial energy consumption globally. Moreover, Portland cement manufacturing
contributes significantly to greenhouse gases and accounts for 5% of the global CO2
emissions resulting from human activity. The primary objective of this research was to
explore methods of reducing the environmental impact of cement production while
maintaining or improving current performance standards.